The total force exerted by the passing slug at each section is plotted against time.

The slug breaks up as it passes through each fitting, reducing the peak loads and distributing the liquid.

The forces can be accurately determined for a range of flow regimes avoiding excessive conservatism associated with traditional assumptions.

The time history of the individual XYZ force components can be determined, providing accurate data for piping stress analysis, mechanical and structural design.

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This example highlights the significant difference between the force calculated from traditional assumptions for slug loads and the actual force determined from CFD.

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